home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Network Working Group G. Minshall
- Request for Comments: 1419 Novell, Inc.
- M. Ritter
- Apple Computer, Inc.
- March 1993
-
-
- SNMP over AppleTalk
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet
- community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
- Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol
- Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol.
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Introduction
-
- This memo describes the method by which the Simple Network Management
- Protocol (SNMP) as specified in [1] can be used over AppleTalk
- protocols [2] instead of the Internet UDP/IP protocol stack. This
- specification is useful for network elements which have AppleTalk
- support but lack TCP/IP support. It should be noted that if a
- network element supports multiple protocol stacks, and UDP is
- available, it is the preferred network layer to use.
-
- SNMP has been successful in managing Internet capable network
- elements which support the protocol stack at least through UDP, the
- connectionless Internet transport layer protocol. As originally
- designed, SNMP is capable of running over any reasonable transport
- mechanism (not necessarily a transport protocol) that supports bi-
- directional flow and addressability.
-
- Many non-Internet capable network elements are present in networks.
- Some of these elements are equipped with the AppleTalk protocols.
- One method of using SNMP to manage these elements is to define a
- method of transmitting an SNMP message inside an AppleTalk protocol
- data unit.
-
- This RFC is the product of the SNMP over a Multi-protocol Internet
- Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
-
- 1. Background
-
- The AppleTalk equivalent of UDP (and IP) is DDP (Datagram Delivery
- Protocol). The header field of a DDP datagram includes (at least
- conceptually) source and destination network numbers, source and
-
-
-
- Minshall & Ritter [Page 1]
-
- RFC 1419 SNMP over AppleTalk March 1993
-
-
- destination node numbers, and source and destination socket numbers.
- Additionally, DDP datagrams include a "protocol type" in the header
- field which may be used to further demultiplex packets. The data
- portion of a DDP datagram may contain from zero to 586 octets.
-
- AppleTalk's Name Binding Protocol (NBP) is a distributed name-to-
- address mapping protocol. NBP names are logically of the form
- "object:type@zone", where "zone" is determined, loosely, by the
- network on which the named entity resides; "type" is the kind of
- entity being named; and "object" is any string which causes
- "object:type@zone" to be unique in the AppleTalk internet.
- Generally, "object" also helps an end-user determine which instance
- of a specific type of service is being accessed. NBP names are not
- case sensitive. Each field of the NBP name ("object", "type", and
- "zone") is limited to 32 octets. The octets usually consist of
- human-readable ascii characters.
-
- 2. Specification
-
- SNMP REQUESTS encapsulated according to this standard will be sent to
- DDP socket number 8; they will contain a DDP protocol type of 8. The
- data octets of the DDP datagram will be a standard SNMP message as
- defined in [1].
-
- SNMP RESPONSES encapsulated according to this standard will be sent
- to the DDP socket number which originated the corresponding SNMP
- request; they will contain a DDP protocol type of 8. The data octets
- of the DDP datagram will be a standard SNMP message as defined in
- [1]. (Note: as stated in [1], section 4.1, the *source* address of
- a RESPONSE PDU will be the same as the *destination* address of the
- corresponding REQUEST PDU.)
-
- A network element which is capable of responding to SNMP REQUESTS
- over AppleTalk must advertise this capability via the AppleTalk Name
- Binding Protocol using an NBP type of "SNMP Agent" (hex 53, 4E, 4D,
- 50, 20, 41, 67, 65, 6E, 74).
-
- A network management station which is capable of receiving an SNMP
- TRAP must advertise this capability via the AppleTalk Name Binding
- Protocol using an NBP type of "SNMP Trap Handler" (hex 53, 4E, 4D,
- 50, 20, 54, 72, 61, 70, 20, 48, 61, 6E, 64, 6C, 65, 72).
-
- SNMP TRAPS encapsulated according to this standard will be sent to
- DDP socket number 9; they will contain a DDP protocol type of 8. The
- data octets of the DDP datagram will be a standard SNMP message as
- defined in [1]. The agent-addr field of the Trap-PDU must be filled
- with a NetworkAddress of all zeros (the unknown IP address). Thus, to
- identify the trap sender, the name and value of the nbpObject and
-
-
-
- Minshall & Ritter [Page 2]
-
- RFC 1419 SNMP over AppleTalk March 1993
-
-
- nbpZone corresponding to the nbpEntry with the nbpType equal to "SNMP
- Agent" should be included in the variable-bindings of any trap that
- is sent [3].
-
- The NBP name for both an agent and a trap handler should be stable -
- it should not change any more often than the IP address of a typical
- TCP/IP end system changes. It is suggested that the NBP name be
- stored in some form of stable storage (PRAM, local disk, etc.).
-
- 3. Discussion of AppleTalk Addressing
-
- 3.1 Introduction
-
- The AppleTalk protocol suite has certain features not manifest in the
- standard TCP/IP suite. Its unique naming strategy and the dynamic
- nature of address assignment can cause problems for SNMP management
- stations that wish to manage AppleTalk networks. TCP/IP end nodes,
- as of this writing, have an associated IP address which distinguishes
- each from the other. AppleTalk end nodes, in general, have no such
- characteristic. The network level address, while often relatively
- stable, can change at every reboot (or more frequently).
-
- Thus, a thrust of this proposal is that a "name" (as opposed to an
- "address") for an end system be used as the identifying attribute.
- This is the equivalent, when dealing with TCP/IP end nodes, of using
- the domain name. While the mapping (DNS name, IP address) is more
- stable than the mapping (NBP name, DDP address), the mapping (DNS
- name, IP address) is not required to exist (e.g., hosts with no host
- name, only an IP address). In contrast, all AppleTalk nodes that
- implement this specification are required to respond to NBP lookups
- and confirms (e.g., implement the NBP protocol stub), which
- guarantees that the mapping (NBP name, DDP address) will exist.
-
- In determining the SNMP name to register for an agent, it is
- suggested that the SNMP name be a name which is associated with other
- network services offered by the machine. On a Macintosh system, for
- example, it is suggested that the system name (the "Macintosh Name"
- for System 7.0 which is used to advertise file sharing, program-to-
- program communication, and possibly other services) be used as the
- "object" field of the NBP name. This name has AppleTalk
- significance, and is tightly bound to the network's concept of a
- given system's identity.
-
- NBP lookups, which are used to turn NBP names into DDP addresses, can
- cause large amounts of network traffic as well as consume CPU
- resources. It is also the case that the ability to perform an NBP
- lookup is sensitive to certain network disruptions (such as zone
- table inconsistencies, etc.) which would not prevent direct AppleTalk
-
-
-
- Minshall & Ritter [Page 3]
-
- RFC 1419 SNMP over AppleTalk March 1993
-
-
- communications between a management station and an agent.
-
- Thus, it is recommended that NBP lookups be used infrequently with
- the primary purpose being to create a cache of name-to-address
- mappings. These cached mappings should then be used for any further
- SNMP requests. It is recommended that SNMP management stations
- maintain this cache between reboots. This caching can help minimize
- network traffic, reduce CPU load on the network, and allow for (some
- amount of) network trouble shooting when the basic name-to-address
- translation mechanism is broken.
-
- 3.2 How To Acquire NBP names:
-
- A management station may have a pre-configured list of names of
- agents to manage. A management station may allow for an interaction
- with an operator in which a list of manageable agents is acquired
- (via NBP) and presented for the operator to choose which agents
- should be managed by that management station. Finally, a management
- station may manage all manageable agents in a set of zones or
- networks.
-
- An agent must be configured with the name of a specific management
- station or group of management stations before sending SNMP traps.
- In the absence of any such configured information, an agent is NOT to
- generate any SNMP traps. In particular, an agent is NEVER to
- initiate a wildcard NBP lookup to find a management station to
- receive a trap. All NBP lookups generated by an agent must be fully
- specified. Note, however, that this does not apply to a
- configuration utility that might be associated with such an agent.
- Such a utility may well allow a user to navigate around the network
- to select a management station or stations to receive SNMP traps from
- the agent.
-
- 3.3 When To Turn NBP Names Into Addresses:
-
- When SNMP agents or management stations use a cache entry to address
- an SNMP packet, they should attempt to confirm the mapping if it
- hasn't been confirmed in T1 seconds. This cache entry lifetime, T1,
- has a minimum, default value of 60 seconds. This value should be
- configurable.
-
- A management station may decide to prime its cache of names prior to
- actually sending any SNMP requests to any given agent. In general,
- it is expected that a management station may want to keep certain
- mappings "more current" than other mappings. In particular, those
- nodes which represent the network infrastructure (routers, etc.) may
- be deemed "more important" by the management station.
-
-
-
-
- Minshall & Ritter [Page 4]
-
- RFC 1419 SNMP over AppleTalk March 1993
-
-
- Note, however, that a long-running management station starting up and
- reading a configuration file containing a number of NBP names should
- not attempt to prime its cache all at once. It should, instead,
- issue the resolutions over an extended period of time (perhaps in
- some pre-determined or configured priority order). Each resolution
- might, in fact, be a wildcard lookup in a given zone.
-
- An agent should NEVER prime its cache. It should do NBP lookups (or
- confirms) only when it needs to send an SNMP trap to a given
- management station. An agent does not need to confirm a cache entry
- to reply to a request.
-
- 3.4 How To Turn NBP Names Into Addresses:
-
- If the only piece of information available is the NBP name, then an
- NBP lookup should be performed to turn that name into a DDP address.
-
- However, if there is a piece of stale information, it can be used as
- a hint to perform an NBP confirm (which sends a unicast to the
- network address which is presumed to be the target of the name
- lookup) to see if the stale information is, in fact, still valid.
-
- An NBP name to DDP address mapping can also be confirmed implicitly
- using only SNMP transactions. If a management station is sending a
- get-request, it can add a request, in the same packet, for the
- destination's nbpObject and nbpZone corresponding to the nbpEntry
- with the nbpType equal to "SNMP Agent" [3]. The source DDP address
- can be gleaned from the reply and used with the nbpObject and nbpZone
- returned to confirm the cache entry.
-
- The above notwithstanding, for set-requests, there is a race
- condition that can occur where an SNMP request may go to the wrong
- agent (because the old node went down and a new node came up with the
- same DDP address.) This is problematic becase the wrong agent might
- generate a response packet that the management station could not
- distinguish from a reply from the intended agent. In the future,
- when SNMP security is implemented, each packet is authenticated at
- the destination, and the reply should implicitly confirm the validity
- of the cache entry used and prevent this race condition.
-
- 3.5 What if NBP is broken:
-
- Under some circumstances, there may be connectivity between a
- management station and an agent, but the NBP machinery required to
- turn an NBP name into a DDP address may be broken. Examples of
- failures which would cause this include: NBP FwdReq (forward NBP
- lookup onto locally attached network) broken at a router on the
- network containing the agent; NBP BrRq (NBP broadcast request)
-
-
-
- Minshall & Ritter [Page 5]
-
- RFC 1419 SNMP over AppleTalk March 1993
-
-
- mechanism broken at a router on the network containing the managment
- station (because of a zone table mis-configuration, for example); or
- NBP broken in the target node.
-
- A management station which is dedicated to AppleTalk management might
- choose to alleviate some of these failures by implementing the router
- portion of NBP within the management station itself. For example,
- the management station might already know all the zones on the
- AppleTalk internet and the networks on which each zone appears.
- Given an NBP lookup which fails, the management station could send an
- NBP FwdReq to the network in which the agent was last located. If
- that failed, the station could then send an NBP LkUp (an NBP lookup
- packet) as a directed (DDP) multicast to each network number on that
- network. Of the above (single) failures, this combined approach will
- solve the case where either the local router's BrRq to NBP FwdReq
- mechanism is broken or the remote router's NBP FwdReq to NBP LkUp
- mechanism is broken.
-
- 4. Acknowledgements
-
- Some of the boilerplate in this memo is copied from [4], [5], and
- [6]. The Apple-IP Working Group was instrumental in defining this
- document. Their support and work was greatly appreciated.
-
- 5. References
-
- [1] Case, J., Fedor, M., Schoffstall, M., and J. Davin, "A Simple
- Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 15, RFC 1157, SNMP
- Research, Performance Systems International, Performance Systems
- International, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, May 1990.
-
- [2] Sidhu, G., Andrews, R., and A. Oppenheimer, "Inside AppleTalk
- (Second Edition)", Addison-Wesley, 1990.
-
- [3] Waldbusser, S., "AppleTalk Management Information Base", RFC
- 1243, Carnegie Mellon University, August 1991.
-
- [4] Schoffstall, M., Davin, C., Fedor, M., and J. Case, "SNMP over
- Ethernet", RFC 1089, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, MIT
- Laboratory for Computer Science, NYSERNet, Inc., University of
- Tennessee at Knoxville, February 1989.
-
- [5] Bostock, S., "SNMP over IPX", RFC 1420, Novell, Inc., March 1993.
-
- [6] Piscitello, D., "Guidelines for the Specification of Protocol
- Support of the SNMP", Work in Progress.
-
-
-
-
-
- Minshall & Ritter [Page 6]
-
- RFC 1419 SNMP over AppleTalk March 1993
-
-
- 6. Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are discussed in section 3.4.
-
- 7. Authors' Addresses
-
- Greg Minshall
- Novell, Inc.
- 1340 Treat Blvd, ste. 500
- Walnut Creek, CA 94596
-
- Phone: 510 947-0998
- Fax: 510 947-1238
- EMail: minshall@wc.novell.com
-
-
- Mike Ritter
- Apple Computer, Inc.
- 10500 North De Anza Boulevard, MS: 35-K
- Cupertino, California 95014
-
- Phone: 408 862-8088
- Fax: 408 862-1159
- EMail: MWRITTER@applelink.apple.com
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Minshall & Ritter [Page 7]
-
-